Learn About the Drug Called Bath Salts

The designer drug called bath salts contains a synthetic cathinone. Usually, this drug is 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) although sometimes a related drug called mephedrone is used. Less commonly, bath salts contain a synthetic stimulant called methylone. Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive stimulant that acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). Properties and Appearance The chemical formula of pure MDPV is C16H21NO3. The pure hydrochloride salt is a very fine, hydroscopic crystalline powder ranging in color from pure white to yellow-tan. The powder somewhat resembles powdered sugar. It has a tendency to stick to itself and form small clumps. There is a slight odor, which is stronger with colored varieties. Bath Salts Marketing Bath Salts have been marketed as bath salts and labeled not for human consumption, although the packaging often indicates the product is not really intended for use in the bath. Plus, the products tend to be carried by head shops, gas stations, and convenience stores rather than bath and body shops. Increasing public awareness of the product has led to Bath Salts being sold under the guise of jewelry cleaner or iPod screen cleaner. Bath Salts typically are sold as tablets or as a powder. The drug may be swallowed, snorted or injected. Bath Salts Effects MDPV is a stimulant that produces similar effects to those produced by amphetamines, cocaine, and methylphenidate. However, Bath Salts tend not to be a pharmaceutical-grade drug, so other effects and side effects may be observed. Psychological Effects Bath salts are popular because of their desired psychological effects, which are associated with related stimulants, too: EuphoriaIncreased mental alertnessIncreased wakefulnessIncreased energy and motivationMental stimulationIncreased concentrationIncreased sociabilitySexual stimulationEmpathogenic effectsDiminished perception of the need for sleep and food Acute Physiological Effects Effects are dependent on the dose. Overdose may result in rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure, seizures, metabolic acidosis, respiratory failure, liver failure, and death. Typical dose effects may include: Rapid heartbeatElevated blood pressureVasoconstriction (narrowing blood vessels)InsomniaNauseaStomach crampingGrinding teethElevated body temperature (up to 107Â °F - 108Â °F, which may be life-threatening)Dilated pupilsHeadacheKidney painTinnitusDizzinessOverstimulationHyperactivityDifficulty breathingAgitationParanoiaConfusionPsychotic delusionsExtreme anxietySuicidal thoughts/actions Street Names and Brand Names for Bath Salts Red Dove Blue Silk Zoom Bloom Cloud Nine Ocean Snow Lunar Wave Vanilla Sky Ivory Wave White Lightning Scarface Purple Wave Blizzard Stardust Lovey Dovey Snow Leopard Aura Hurricane Charlie MDPV MDPK MTV Maddie Black Rob Super Coke PV Peeve Meph Drone MCAT Meow Meow

Essay on Progression Of Islamic Art - 1296 Words

There exist three basic components of traditional Islamic art: calligraphy, geometric patterns, and floral and vegetal motifs. These three stylistic tools are beautifully rendered and masterfully integrated into complex works of art, but there is no question that artistic expression is severely limited under these categorizations. However, this limitation stems from Islamic theology and concept of art. The main reason for the limitation imposed on visual art is the Islamic theological prohibition of figural imagery. Social laws presented in the Hadith prevented the representation of figures because any imitation was deemed idolatrous. Also, art is considered to be decorative and imitative. Script and patterns are used to decorate†¦show more content†¦The miniatures serve the traditional Islamic functions of art of ornamentation and imitation. Oddly enough, the miniatures are second imitations; they are the imitation of the scribed words, which in turn imitate the actual lege ndary event. The Arabic words are the most important artistic representation of the page. The word is the substance of the book; the attached miniatures are merely pictorial representations of the written story. This subjugation of the picture to the word is physically demonstrated, for the text on the page, in the same fashion of all the pages in the Shahnama, is placed above the miniature. This placement has theological implications. In Islam, Arabic text is considered the literal word of God for the Qur’an was revealed in Arabic. So, if the word of Allah is reflected in the symbols of Arabic script, then symbolically Allah is manifested in the text. This is consistent within popular Islamic thought. Walter Denny writes that objects were decorated with sacred script for it was thought to â€Å"invoke good wishes on the owners of pottery and metalwork, and kept the evil eye from thresholds and hearths.† Consequently, Allah is present in the â€Å"Sufarai† minia ture not through a figural image, for that would extremely blasphemous, but through the written text. This is similar to the western tradition of using mysterious or divine light to represent God without aShow MoreRelatedIslams Influences on the Modern World1422 Words   |  6 PagesEurope is the Islamic. Islam directly translates to â€Å"submission†. It is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion, as well as an empire, (which is focused in the Middle East and Northern Africa). Islam is currently the second most practiced religion globally. 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However, the premise of the peopleRead MoreMuseum Collection Hum 2051817 Words   |  8 PagesAxia College University of Phoenix WORLD CULTURE AND THE ARTS (AXIA) HUM/205 Jaynelle Nixon January 27, 2008 Museum Collection 2 Classical and Hellenistic Greece One of the most well known piece of this time, is the statue called Ludovisi Gaul killing himself and his wife, also known as The Galatian Suicide. The original was made by Greek sculptors commissioned by Attalus I after his victories over the Gauls of Galatia. This is a statue of A man about to drive aRead MoreSufism: Its Mystical Contribution to an Understanding of the Islamic God1871 Words   |  8 Pageswhere divine unity became apparent to him, became drunk and as incomprehensible as a madman. However, the majority of Sufis commit to a spiritual quest that is characterised by specific stages or spiritual stations,’ which illustrate a conscious progression towards the ultimate goal – reaching al-Haqiqah (commonly known as fana) or the mystic’s full â€Å"absorption in God† (Gilchrist 1986: 4). 2.4 Surrender to God in Obtaining a Union with the Divine Upon being asked to describe what religion is toRead MoreCultural Awareness : The United States Of America1250 Words   |  5 Pagessee most often is my way is the only way. People ignore other differences and do not try to put them into perspective. Next is when people know the other culture but are still stubborn in their own ways and disregard the others. Then we see progression and people use both differences to create new solutions and alternatives. The final degree is the desired outcome of cultural awareness; our way. When a diverse group of people come together to create new meanings, new rules, and communicate.Read MoreThe Crusades : Campaigns That Changed The World1738 Words   |  7 PagesCrusades, occurring from 1095 A.D. to 1272 A.D., were a direct response to the problems coinciding with the growing population of Muslims, Jews, and Islamic peoples in the Middle East and were greatly influenced by powerful individuals such as Richard I of England, consequently lea ding to effects that would forever change the world’s advancement and progression. One thousand years after Christ’s death the peaceful setting in which Muslims and Christians cohabitated in the Middle East began to be threatened

The Human Impact on the Global History of Climate Change free essay sample

A Research Paper by Justin Slater Are humans responsible for the destruction of their habitat also known as Mother Nature? Human-made pollution is obvious; from trash in local streams and rivers to plumes of carbon dense smoke billowing out of power plants; it has become quite clear that sustainability is not a priority. Also, our resources are being used and abused much faster than the earth can replenish and recover. Within the past 10 years this abuse of Mother Nature has become a topic of great interest. This interest has been labeled as the â€Å"green movement,† and it advocates stress awareness of waste and pollution and includes its effect on the environment. The most publicized consequence of our non-earth friendly actions is global warming. This theory is blindly adopted with little scientific evidence because it justifies the worlds’ need to â€Å"go green. † When the overwhelming facts concerning greenhouse gasses, and the sheer amount of waste humans produce is taken into account, there is no wonder global warming is justified in peoples’ minds. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Impact on the Global History of Climate Change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over the past 150 years human activities have released increasing quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or â€Å"global warming. † Other human effects are relevant—for example, sulphate aerosols are believed to have a cooling effect. Natural factors also contribute. According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earths near-surface air temperature has raised around 1. 3  ± 0. 32  ° Fahrenheit (Wikipedia, 2012). Although human induced global warming is a popular theory, it is misleading because climate change has occurred throughout history, our most recent period of warming ended over ten years ago, and the earth is currently in a state of cooling. The scientific truth is that climate change is nothing new. In the life span of the Earth, a climate where humans could have inhabited the planet is mere smudges on the planet’s climate time-line. Starting with the big bang over 13. 7 billion years ago, the earth has experienced cycles of hot flashes and freezing spells (Sorokhtin, Chilingar, and Khilyuk, 2007, p. ). As recently as 650 million years ago the earth was frozen solid. This period of 10 million years is known as â€Å"Snowball Earth†. After this period, volcanoes began to erupt which produced greenhouse gasses that naturally warmed the earth. Over the next 400 million years, global temperatures rose and fell allowing for small life forms to succeed. Plants, cold-blooded animals, and insects did well during this time (Hulme, 2009). Then, quite suddenly, there was a mass extinction. Over 95% of the earth’s species died due to flood basalt eruptions lasting for one million years. The earth’s temperatures rose an impressive 18 degrees F due to a 700% increase in carbon dioxide during this time. It then took 195 billion years for the blanket of carbon dioxide to dissipate and the earth to cool (Kohler, Bintanja, Fischer, Joos, Knutti, Lohmann, and Masson-Delmotte, 2010). The time spans of these major climatic events far surpass any current data time frames. In comparison to a human life span, the earth moves at a snail’s pace. Any temperature fluctuations observed currently are not significant enough to say that humans have impacted the current natural occurrence. At about 55 million years ago another 20 degrees F increase occurred due to increased methane gas. Over the next 40 million years, temperatures continued to fluctuate, allowing for the polar ice caps to expand and retreat. Since this last temperature change, the climate has stayed relatively stable with an ice age occurring in between every 10,000 years. When temperatures warmed, woolly mammoths and other mega mammals that thrived during the ice age could not survive, while humans were able to adapt (Marsh, 2007). However, it would be ignorant to think climate change would miraculously come to a stop on behalf of human inhabitation. The above-mentioned changes had drastic effects on the Earth. Recently there have been less drastic, though still noticeable, climate fluctuations. The most recognized examples of modern climate change are known as the Medieval Warming Period and the Little Ice Age. The Medieval Warming Period (MWP) took place between 800 and 1300 AD, and consisted of temperatures up to 5 degrees F warmer than today. It is the most recent phase of warming before the industrial era in the 19th and 20th centuries. These temperatures played a huge role in human history, as it was what partially allowed the Vikings to colonize Greenland. Although it is currently being debated, this period of warmth could have been global (Qlan, Burns, Solomon, and Roble, 2009). If so, the slightly elevated temperatures seen over the last thirty years would not be unprecedented. In fact, they would be quite normal and expected. Following the MWP was the Little Ice Age (LIA). This period consisted of three consecutive cold spikes with slightly warmer periods in between. These spikes occurred at about 1650, 1770, and 1850 AD and are well documented in North America and Europe. As with the MWP, it is debatable whether these were global events (Mathews, Weaver, Meissner, Gillett, and Eby, 2004). At this time the sun was virtually free of sunspot activity. A correlation between temperature and sun spot activity known as the Maunder Minimum developed with help from observations from that time (Trenberth, 2009). Not only do these historical events contradict the current theory of human-made global warming, the research gained from these events brings to light other justification for naturally occurring climate change. The justification being that it just happens. There are many scientific explanations for what causes temperature fluctuations such as sun spot activity however, what reduces or increases the amount of sun spots themselves is unknown. There is no doubt the earth has, and will continue to experience periods of warming. Our most recent period began in the 1900s and lasted through the year 2000. This warmth can be accredited to our sun that was the brightest it has been in over a 1,000 years (Michaelowa, 2009). This increase in brightness did not happen over night; instead it was a result of over 100 years of activity. This increased brightness is due to sunspots. It is not clear as to the correlation between sunspots and climate change, however a rough assumption is that the more sun spots there are, the brighter it is, and therefore more heat is produced (Melezhik, 2006). In addition, sunspots create a magnetic cycle that has been found to correlate with the Northern Hemisphere land temperatures (â€Å"Global Warming†, 2004). The important thing of note is the date attached to the above data. At this time the earth was in fact warming. Since the early 2000s, data has shown the earth is once again cooling. According to NASA, sunspots are on the decline: out of the 365 calendar days in 2008, 266 where sunspot free. This was thought to be an all time low since 1913, however an awesome 87% of the days of 2009 were sunspot free. The graph accompanying the article depicts a peak in solar activity right around 2000, with a sharp decline predicted through 2012 (â€Å"Deep†, 2009). So far, this activity chart mimics that of the observed temperature fluctuations. The current lull in activity also allowing scientists to better understand what a deep solar minimum is like first hand. Other studies have found similar evidence. In the journal Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects a study was published analyzing the affects of carbon dioxide and the atmosphere. The scientists concluded the short-term temperature variances scientists have observed over the past 100 years cannot be accredited to fluctuations in carbon dioxide. Instead they are positively matched with sun spot activity Chilingar, Khilyuk, and Sorokhtin, 2008). The recent cooling and previous period of warming are considered short-term temperature changes, and cannot be cited for significant data. However, events such as the Little Ice Age have more historical bearing. Five hundred years is a much more substantial duration of time yet still trivial in comparison to the earth’s first ice age of one million years. As the world’s reliance on fossil fuels increases, so do the byproducts of consumerism. Ever increasing amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses are being admitted into the atmosphere as more cars are on the road and more energy is being produced. According to computer simulations, the earth’s temperature should have increased 1. 8 degrees F over the last 100 years based on the amount of carbon dioxide being released. This has not been the case however. Fluctuations have been smaller, staying with in . 5 of a degree (Baliunas, 1999). Previously, carbon dioxide billowing out of volcanoes was responsible for drastic temperature changes. At times the earth was more than 20 degrees F warmer than it is now. This is poor support for global warming theorists, the volcanic eruptions responsible for the warming occurred over the course of thousands of years. These endless eruptions covered the majority of the earth in molten lava (Marsh, 2007). This scene is unfathomable for humans, and is in no way comparable to the current levels of carbon dioxide found in the atmosphere. The current levels of carbon dioxide are approximately 390 parts per million. This number has increased over the years, however when compared to other levels in history it is not alarming. During the Triassic Period, when dinosaurs roamed the earth, these low levels would have resulted in a much earlier extinction. Carbon dioxide is plant food, an abundance of it, approximately 1,560 to 1950 ppm, resulted in robust vegetation for these large animals to devour (Diffenbaugh, 2009). Humans know the benefits of this gas as well. Many botanists swear talking to their plants is the key to health. Though the plants cannot hear, they are very happy to absorb the carbon dioxide given off during the action of talking. It is clear there is little concrete scientific evidence to support, or deny global warming. What can be confirmed is that climate change is inevitable. Some studies have gone as far as to say the increase in carbon dioxide leads to cooling, not warming. This conclusion has a simple physical explanation: when infrared radiation is absorbed by green house gas molecules the air expands which causes circular fluxes of air masses restoring the temperature in the troposphere. The small amount of carbon dioxide released into the air by humans is not enough to influence the atmospheric temperature of the Earth (Cooling of Atmosphere, 2008). If this subject is studied further and found to be true, there is no doubt a wrench will be thrown in this crucial argument. With compelling, yet questionable evidence for those who agree and disagree with the theory of global warming, there is no doubt that the debate will continue as more research is preformed and time goes on. Dr. Bell believes global warming is the greatest ruse known to modern science. It is debatable how the rumor became so large with such little evidence; however it is quite clear the opposite would be a much greater threat. Food, people and animals can survive in extreme heat with food and water; the same does not go for life in extreme cold. The essentials to life: food and water would be locked away under ice, crops unable to grow and animals unable to eat (Bell, 2007). This is a much scarier thought for humans to comprehend. Some scientists even feel this is one of the reasons global cooling research is so heavily scrutinized and disclaimed. It is apparent the prevailing research and theories on the subject are not willing to be challenged. There is no question global warming is a complex issue, however it is nothing new. Throughout history, extreme climate has been normal. Regardless of what human kind has done by way of contamination, the Earth will continue about its climate cycles without batting an eye. Human life is a fluke, developed from ideal conditions in an inhabitable environment. Humans are but insignificant guests in this world who have failed to respect their hostess. They have polluted and contaminated the environment, but the Earth will keep moving on. The current climate fluctuations are not significant enough for one to use to draw conclusions. Be it another ice age or incinerating heat, the tectonic plates will shift, the volcanoes will erupt, and over millions of years people will be but a memory. However, humans are the Earth’s current inhabitants. To continue to live, sustainability must be kept in mind. Research is contradictory on the subject of climate change; however, there is no denying that the earth is its own entity, unbound by the actions of humans.

Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay Example

Tess of the dUrbervilles Paper Look closely at the incident in the chase when Tess is raped/seduced by Alec DUrberville. What do we learn here about the nature of Tesss fate in the novel? Consider Hardys characterisation of Tess and his manipulation of the narrative. In this extract, Alec takes advantage of Tess, and rides her into to the woods. Tess is upset and drunk and Alec takes this as an opportunity to take advantage of Tess. In that moment of oblivion she sank gently against him. This quote shows that Tess can be vulnerable at times, it shows weakness, and even though she is trying to resist Alec she still for that moment relies on him to be there and to comfort her at that time when she needed someone. It shows that she needs someone to lean on, but Alec takes advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the dUrbervilles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the dUrbervilles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the dUrbervilles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I mean no harm, only to stop you from falling. Hardy tries to make the reader feel as though Alec is really genuine, as though for that moment he means no harm, as though he is there to comfort her, where as in actual fact is only trying to buy her trust so something will happen, but it doesnt so he decides to take advantage. I dont know, I wish, how can I say yes or no when. Alec asks Tess if he can treat her as a lover, however Tess is disgusted, but before she can get her words out, Alec interrupts and settles the matter by putting his arm around her, and for some reason Tess showed no more signs of disgust, and just accepted Alec. Please set me down and let me walk home. Just as Alec had gained Tesss trust he makes one wrong move, and Tess asks him to let her off the hors and let her walk home, at this point it shows that Tess is in control of the situation, however Alec talks her round, and makes her see the situation logically. with a painful sense of awkwardness of having to thank him just then Durberville tells Tess that he has been sending money to her family, to get her back into his trust, she is deeply moved by this, the quote illustrates that Tess is thankful of the ride, but it is too difficult for her to say to him. She passively sat down on the coat that he had spread. This illustrates that Tess is trying to avoid the presence of Alec, she knows that he had laid the coat down with the intention that she would sit on it, however Tess is trying to tell Alec that she is not interested, in the politest way that she can. Swallowed as he poured, to prevent the catastrophe she feared. This quote shows perfectly Tesss feelings towards Alec, as Alec pours the liquor down Tesss throat, she tries to persist, this is also what has happened whilst they have been riding on the horse. Alec has been trying to catch Tesss affection, but Tess has been trying to avoid it, however not successfully, this is exactly what is happening in this moment. Which represented the white muslin figure he had left upon the dead leaves. This quote uses colour imagery, with the white muslin. It shows that Tess is still a girl, she is innocent and vulnerable, it also shows that Alec has power over Tess, he did her a favour by helping out her family, now she must show that she is grateful and kiss him. Hidden by the vales, so his actions are covered. It shows that the act is too dark for anyone to see, it has been hidden by the bushes, it can be unleashed onto human eyes. But where was Tesss guardian Angel. It represents that Tess needs looking after, and that the rape is an act of satan, it is a hellish thing to do to another human being. The hands of the spoiler. It shows that through this one act, Alec has ruined her whole life, he has been the catalyst for all things that go wrong for Tess in the novel, he has stolen her purity and innocence. It is scorned by human nature. It is beyond an average human act, this act is too vicious for a human, it is the work of some sort of hellish beast. Blank as snow. Again colour imagery, although white is not mentioned, the snow represents the purity and innocence of Tess. Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay Example Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay Thomas Hardy sometimes uses the landscape to reflect mood of his characters. Choose two brief extracts (about two pages each) where he does this; one when Tess is happy and another when she is not. How does Hardy reflect Tesss mood through landscape in these extracts? How does Lawrence use setting and place in Tickets Please? How do these two writers manage to convey a sense of the time at which these stories are written? The first extract I have chosen to analyse in Tess of the DUrbervilles when Tess is happy is In the Rally XVI on page 132-134. This melts in to the happy mood of Tess as she has set out from home for the second time to the Talbothays dairy, where she meets Angel. In employing the Nature motif into Hardys work, he has been able to use it to describe the character feelings. The second extract in which nature echos Tesss not so happy mood is The Maiden No More XVI, pages 109-110. Hardy has used the language in the Rally XVI extract to show what state of mind Tess is in. Firstly he uses adverbs that help to set the mood, and give the landscape a more vivid description. Examples of some of the adverbs Hardy uses are, luxuriantly, intensely, wonderfully, profusely, continually. These words are all associated with happiness and cheeriness and do not give the text a sense of gloom, and are generally enthusiastic words. Tess also describes the landscape as being, more cheering in the Rally, and this definitely imitates her happier mood. However, in The Maiden No more Hardy has not used many adverbs to describe the landscape to give it a sense of gloom. Instead Hardy has used many more adjectives and other grammatical tools. We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the dUrbervilles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the dUrbervilles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tess of the dUrbervilles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Examples of adjectives Hardy has used are, denser, vigour, goldern-haired, beaming, ruddy, curious, narrow, rickety and hazy. These adjectives all give a sense of relaxed, slow and sad feelings within Tess because she has a child, and in the latter part of the chapter actually dies. This begins to set the scene for this tragic event. The chapter Rally XVI opens with a dull and almost slow pace when Hardy says: It was a hazy sunrise in August. The denser nocturnal vapours where they waited till they should be dried away to nothing. This is Hardys description of mist or fog in an early summers morning. He points out that the mist is quite dense and this almost weighs it down and is not described as being a light mist, but a dense, oppressing mist. This may relate to Tess having an unclear vision of what is going on and her mental composition. Hardy also uses adjectives in the Rally extract to give the landscape a sense of happiness such as, beautiful, clear, bracing, slow, soft, silent, scents and larger. He uses positive words that make the text seem delightful and this in turn shows us how Tess is feeling. Hardy also uses colours such as blue and green to describe nouns and these colours can be associated with spring, a new start and happiness. Another type of grammar Hardy uses is verbs, which have been very well chosen for the mood he wants to paint. For example in the Maiden No More extract he uses verbs like attacked, shrinking, demanding, feel, prevailed, gazing, brimming, smeared, intensified, dipped in liquid fire and ticking to give a sense of unhappiness, and are quite emotive. They are all very intense verbs, which are quite coarse and harsh. Likewise in The Rally XVI extract, intriguing verbs have also been used by Hardy such as, cheering, prattled, lacked, speckled, dazzling, nourished and fluctuating. All of these verbs have a sense of cheeriness and happiness, and give the sense of Tess being in a happy mood. An example is on page 134 when Hardy says, She heard a pleasant voice in every, and in every birds note seemed to lurk a joy. By using adjectives like pleasant and joy there is immediately a perception of happiness. A quote which portrays Tess to be in a happy mood, is when Hardy says, It lacked the intensely blue atmosphere of the rival vale, and its heavy soil and scents; the new air was clear, bracing, ethereal. This quote makes Tesss condition seem refreshing and happier as Hardy uses confident words like ethereal and bracing, and is again making a comparison between the new and old scenery, as Hardy describe the past scene as the rival vale. On page 133, Hardy says, The world was drawn to a larger pattern here. This quotation extends Tesss thinking into a broader field, making her feel more open and making the world beyond her looking cheerful. Another indicator of Tesss happiness on page 133 is when Hardy says, Either the change in the quality of the air from heavy to light, or the sense of being amid new scenes where there were no invidious eyes upon her, sent up her spirits wonderfully. This quote directly informs the reader that the new scenery and atmosphere around Tess have sent up her spirits wonderful, or basically made her feel much happier. A pattern of Hardys language is emerging here, as he has yet again used a comparison between the old and the new environment. Firstly he comments on the air quality going from heavy to light, as he does about the soil earlier on, and then the scenery itself. Hardy has concentrated on the wind and natural environment a lot, in the section echoing Tesss poised time. On page 134, Hardy says: Her hopes mingled with the sunshine in an ideal photosphere which surrounded her as she bounded along against the soft south wind. This is also a good quote to refer to Tess in a happy, yet anticipating mood. Hardy describes Tess as being a part of nature as her hopes are mingled with the sunshine, the sun also being a god-like feature in the Maiden No More extract, but also as the wind is described as soft and southerly there is a sense of warmth and happiness. The south wind is referred to in the same paragraph when Hardy says: It was her best face physically that was now set against the south wind. This directly informs the reader that Tess is probably smiling and happy, and reference to the south wind, is made again in the quotation. The short story that I am going to be analysing is Tickets Please by D H Lawrence, written in the 20th century, the protagonists being Annie and John Thomas, which is set in the First World War in the Midlands. It is easy to identify that this text has been set in the First World War, because the narrator mentions since we are in war-time, and the tram was entirely conducted by girls something common for that time, as men were out fighting in the war. Other indicators of it being the First World War are Statutes Fair, Co-operative Wholesale Society, Hat pins that John Thomas won for Annie, quoits-he threw on the table and the colliers. DH Lawrence was born in Nottinghamshire, and his father was a coal-miner. References to his background are reflected in the text, as he says black colliery garden and the description of this particular part of the Midlands is a very close interpretation of Nottinghamshire at that time. D H Lawrence also wrote about Thomas Hardy, and therefore may have been influenced to signify the importance of the setting as Hardy has done in many of his books. Alike Thomas Hardy, DH Lawrence also uses the language to set a mood for the location he describes. Tickets Please starts off in the Midlands in the rural, black industrial countryside and we are then taken through the reckless swoops downhill and end up in the sordid streets of the great town. The beginning of the short story is where most of the scene has been set, and is written as a turbulent journey. Lawrence uses far more adjectives and adverbs than Hardy does to describe his location, and therefore makes the place more vividly refined and imaginable. The beginning of the short story is a journey, in which the places change yet appear to characterise a similar type of mood. D H Lawrence uses many descriptive words and phrases, particularly using grammatical tools like adjectives to create a vivid picture of area. Examples of these are, cold, gloomy ugly, wild, stark, black, little, industrial, sordid and grimy. All of these adjectives are dull and depressing, setting a grim and gloomy atmosphere. Lawrence also uses many more interesting verbs to describe the Tram than Hardy does to describe his landscapes. Examples of interesting and exciting verbs are plunges, perched, bouncing, slithering, and halts. These verbs make the tram sound exciting and almost scary to be on, by using such hard-impacting verbs. This is re-enforced when the narrator refers to the journey as being an adventure more than once. DH Lawrence and Hardy both use personification in their text to describe the settings. Lawrence uses personification to give the place a more life-like description when he says, The last ugly place of industry, the cold, little town that shivers on the edge of the wild gloomy country beyond. The town is described to be shivering, which is a human characteristic. During the journey the place seems to cheer up as it say; There the green and creamy coloured tram-cars seen to pause and purr with curious satisfaction. The use of words such as satisfaction, purr, and green stand out in the text, because the place is formerly described as being cold, dark, and smoggy. Both of these examples are places where anthropomorphism has been used, because the town has been described to be shivering and the cars purring, a characteristic of cats. Hardy also uses anthropomorphism quite subtly when he says in the Maiden No More, the arms of the mechanical reaper revolving slowly the last few yards of upright wheat fell also under the teeth of the unerring reaper. Here Hardy describes the reaper as having arms and teeth, consequently being given human characteristics, or anthropomorphic. The journey returns to its gloom when Lawrence says, Reckless swoops downhill again the breathless slithering around the precipitators drop under the church. By using words like slithering and reckless the scary scene is re-set. In comparison to Tess of the DUrbervilles, Thomas Hardy has also used personification in the Maiden No More-XIV but not in the Rally, like Lawrence to describe the settings. Hardy says, The sun, had a curious sentient, personal look, demanding the masculine pronoun for its adequate expression. His present aspect coupled with the lack of all human forms in the scene Here Hardy refers to the sun as a person, by saying his and had a personal look, when really we know that the sun does not have a look and does not have human mannerisms. Hardy then goes on to say: The luminary was a goldern-haired, beaming, mild-eyed, God-like creature, gazing down in the vigour and intentness of youth apon an earth that was brimming with interest for him. Here Hardy clearly describes the sun as having human characteristics and appearance, such as being, goldern-haired and mild-eyed. Philosophically, Hardy has referred to the gods and the heavenly bodies more than once in this quote, and this is probably to show how Tess feels about the situation of her alone with her child, and the mishaps she has recently faced. It is honourable that people turn to a higher force than beings, like God, for help and guidance through turbulent periods of their lives and this has been illustrated by personifying the sun to be a god-like creature and luminary. By using personification, both writers can achieve a sense of creativeness and make it easier for the reader to relate to, therefore making the settings more distinct. Lawrence does not use personification after the beginning of the story, and similarly Hardy does not use personification in the Rally XVI to describe the cheerful settings, instead Hardy uses comparisons. In the Rally XVI, Hardy compares many features of the new part of England Tess is visiting, to her childhoods natural environment. For example on page 133 he says, The river itself, which nourished the grass and cows of these renowned dairies, flowed not like the streams in Blackmoor. Those were slow, silent, often turbid The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of life By making a correlation between the clear Froom waters and the turbid, muddy waters of Blackmoor, Hardy is able to show that Tess is comparing her past and present state of mind, as she is her past and present landscape. The landscape here shows that Tess is a happy mood, as the landscape around her is being described in a positive manner and as being pure. Thomas Hardy uses purity of the soul and mind a lot in this text, and in the midst of the book depicts this when Angel tells Tess he loves her for her virtue and purity. Hardy also contrasts the scenery to pictures by Van Asloot (1570-1626) or Anthonis Sallaert (1590-1657), Flemish painters of landscapes and large scenes of everyday. Hardy says: The green lea speckled as thickly with them (cows) as a canvas by Van Alsloot or Sallaert with burghers. This is a simile used by Hardy, comparing the expansive land ahead of Tess with of the artists paintings. This helps to show the intensity of cows in the vale, and Hardy elaborates on all of the minor features to make them all sound important. Both writers use similes in their writing to inform the readers of the setting. In Tickets Please, Lawrence says, green cars as a jaunty sprig of parsley out of a black colliery garden. He describes the cars as being like green parsley out of a black colliery garden, which he actually means to be the town. This usage of simile compares our knowledge to the settings and makes the place seem more vivid, however it is quite ironic to contrast a piece of vegetable from a black colliery garden to a car. In relation to Lawrence, Hardy also uses similes in Tess of the DUrbervilles. In the Maiden No More on page 109, Tess is describing the sun, as a person and his actions in the early morning, His light, a little latter, broke through chinks of cottage shutters, throwing stripes like red hot pokers upon cupboards And then again on page 110, Presently there arose from within a ticking like the love-making of grasshopper. The machine had begun Both of these quotes show the usage of similes when Tess is in a sad state of mind. The comparisons are of light and sound, and this impersonates the environment around Tess rather than the scenery. The first quote is a forceful and intense, as he uses two adjective, red and hot to describe the rays of sunlight. The second quote makes the noise of the machine sound very distinct and clear to hear. Both of the writers try to achieve a very clear and distinct picture of what they feel, and do this using the simile. These similes in Tess of the DUrbervilles are quite figurative, as they make reference to her past experience. However similes have also been used in a positive way in Tess, when she is describing the waters of the river Froom in the Rally XVI, on page 133, The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of Life shown to Evangelist, rapid as the shadow of a cloud In this quote the waters were described to be as clear as the pure River of Life and this indicates the fresh start that Tess intends to make by going to the Talbothays Dairy. The second simile in this quote is the speed of the river being as rapid as the shadow of a cloud, which is quite ironic considering clouds can often move quite slowly and sometimes not very fast at all. In Tickets Please there is often reference to other places, when it is night and darkness. Darkness sets a scary atmosphere; building up to a climax or twist in the story and this is noticeable by the usage of adjectives and adverbs by Lawrence. The narrator says, The nights are howlingly cold, black and windswept And then also says, He sat with her on a stile in the black, drizzling darkness. This use of adjectives and adverbs to make the location frightening is re-establish when Lawrence says, and walk across the dark, damp field. Later on in the story, we come to the fairground where Annie bumps into John Thomas. Here the atmosphere of the location is very different to that of the tram journey at the beginning of the text. The fairground is made to sound lively and exciting, yet frightening, which also a technique used to gear up the reader to the main turning point of the story. For example, roundabouts veering around and grinding out their music. The fairground has been described using enticing verbs like veering and grinding, and the roundabout switchbacks are described by the adjective grim-toothed, making the fairground seem exciting and scary in some senses. The fairground is also represented to be an antique place when Lawrence says, caring in a rickety fashion This quote uses the adjective rickety to describe the ride, which means weak or unstable, also implying it is old. Hardy seems to make the Maiden No More echo an unhappy atmosphere when he talks of the killing of the animals in the fields, whilst harvesting. He says: Rabbits, hares, snakes, rats, mice retreated inwards huddled together, friends and foes, till the last few yards of upright wheat fell also under the teeth of the unerring reaper, and they were every one put to death by the sticks and stones of the harvesters. Metaphorically, this is probably how Tess feels, as if she is being drawn into the depths of life, as the animals are of shelter of wheat, cascading down into a hurricane of dread, and that she too will be faced with death eventually. Hardy has also used a section of the folk-phrase proverb, sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me, at the end of this quote. This could be to show as Tess being strong and trying to get through her struggling time. Thomas Hardy was considered a fatalist. Fatalism is a view of life, which insists that all action everywhere be controlled by nature of things, or by power superior to things, as illustrated in the example of heavenly bodies. Another reference in the text that indicates that Tess is unhappy is on page 109, imparted to them a look of having been dipped in liquid fire. This quotation may refer to hell as Hardy uses the word liquid fire that could refer to hell and sadness. Hardy is best known for his beautiful but often oppressive portrayal of the countryside. This is likely to be a reflection of his background. Thomas Hardys entire childhood was spent close to the soil, growing up in the countryside of a small village of Egdon village; he could carefully observe the regularity of natural change. As a 21st Century reader there are many indications that reveal that Tess of the DUrbervilles was written in the late 1800s because of reference to the social and agricultural changes he describes. There is mention of the agricultural revolution in one of the extract I have chosen to analyse, in the Maiden No More, when Hardy says, formed the revolving Maltese cross of the reaping-machine the arms of the mechanical reaper. The word machine and mechanical have come up twice here, indicating that changes were being made to the agriculture with the usage of non-manual forms of harvesting. Both Hardy and Lawrence have different styles of writing, but this is because they were written in during different period of time. This can be identified in Tickets Please when Lawrence uses listing, as a way of describing the depot room. The last place described in Tickets Please is when we reach the climax of the story and the girls beat up John Thomas. The waiting room is described as being very cosy and warm and away from the darkness and lawlessness of wartime. These phrases make this part of the story sound exciting and are a build-up to the fight. Lawrence says: It was quite rough, but cosy, with a fire and an oven and a mirror, and a table and wooden chairs. The room is not described in a lot of detail here, but is in a simple listed order, making it not very striking, compared to the former journey, at the beginning of the story, using many adjective, adverbs, intriguing verbs and similes. Both writers have used the settings to set their characters moods. Hardy has distinctly done this making it quite obvious for a reader to pick out grammatical and philosophical elements. Lawrence has used the setting to determine what will happen to the characters and what sort of climax or twist that he wants to build into the story. This is evident in the beginning of Tickets Please when a gloomy atmosphere is set, making one of the protagonists Annie, feeling dull and not aroused. Then Lawrence uses the exciting funfair to set the mood of love and passion, and then finally the climax of the fight, fortified by description of the room. In conclusion both writers have similar ways of expressing the scenery through usage of grammatical tools, but different ways of displaying this, and have variations in their style of writing and the intensity of the language.